Millions of people died in Hebei Province alone. In , the Yellow River shifted course. This caused a massive flood that impoverished an important and populous region at the center of the empire.
The river flooded on two other occasions during the last couple of decades. There were also massive famines. There was a time of drought that lasted from to In , a rebellion started called the Red Turban Rebellion.
The Red Turbans said that the bad rule of the Yuan Dynasty caused the natural disasters because they lost the Mandate of Heaven.
The court defeated the rebellion but more started soon after. Between and , an important leader of the Red Turban Rebellion, Zhu Yuanzhang, defeated all the other powerful rival armies.
In , he attacked the Yuan empire capital of Dadu Beijing and gained control of it. The Yuan court fled northwards. Mongolia became the final home of the Yuan Dynasty clans. Mongolians kept trying to recapture the empire but they failed. They eventually allied with the Manchus, and Mongolians became officials in the Qing Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan palaces.
He established a new dynasty called the Ming Dynasty. Beijing tours : Beijing then called Dadu —'Big Capital' was the capital of the Yuan Dynasty and has continued to be China's capital for most of the following years. Discover the enduring charm of the 'big capital' with China Highlights.
Silk Road tours : Their control of the Silk Road's northern land route to Central Asia gave the Mongols a major source of income and manpower. It is still a popular travel route for sightseeing.
We offer a number of packages that highlight the sights along the historic land route. China Highlights uses cookies to give you the best possible service. If you continue browsing, you agree to the use of cookies. More details can be found in our privacy policy. Home Chinese Culture China History. Genghis Khan's statue. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum. The Yuan Dynasty came from Mongolia. The Silk Road was a part of the Mongol and Yuan empires. Related Articles. The Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Guan Yu. The Southern Song Dynasty Map. Travel with Confidence. Recommended Tours. China Museum Tours. We are here to help you Indian muslins, cotton, pearls, and precious stones were sold in Europe, as were weapons, carpets, and leather goods from Iran. Gunpowder was also introduced to Europe from China. In the opposite direction, Europeans sent silver, fine cloth, horses, linen, and other goods to the near and far East.
Increasing trade and commerce meant that the respective nations and societies increased their exposure to new goods and markets, thus increasing the GDP of each nation or society that was involved in the trade system. Along with land trade routes, a Maritime Silk Road contributed to the flow of goods and establishment of a Pax Mongolica. As technology and navigation progressed, these routes developed into a high-seas route into the Indian Ocean.
Along with tangible goods, people, techniques, information, and ideas moved lucidly across the Eurasian landmass for the first time.
Long-distance trade brought new methods of doing business from the Far East to Europe; bills of exchange, deposit banking, and insurance were introduced to Europe during the Pax Mongolica.
Bills of exchange made it significantly easier to travel long distances because a traveler would not be burdened by the weight of metal coins. One of the more notable applications of printing technology in China was the chao , the paper money of the Yuan, made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government first used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China.
The Il-khanate government issued paper money in , but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment. Foreign observers took note of Yuan printing technology. His authority established united measure based on sukhe or silver ingot; however, the Mongols allowed their foreign subjects to mint coins in the denominations and weight they traditionally used. The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan issued paper money backed by silver, and again banknotes supplemented by cash and copper cash.
But the forest nations of Siberia and Manchuria still paid their taxes in goods or commodities to the Mongols; c hao was used only within the Yuan dynasty. Chagatai Khan Kebek renewed the coinage backed by silver reserves and created a unified monetary system throughout the realm.
Yuan dynasty money: Yuan dynasty banknote, the chao, with its printing plate After years of internal struggle, famine, and diminishing territorial control, the Yuan dynasty was defeated by the rising Ming dynasty in The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. Gradually, they lost influence in China as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries.
Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.
In , the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising. After trying to regain Khanbaliq, an effort that failed, he died in Yingchang located in present-day Inner Mongolia in Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some Yuan royal family members still live in Henan today. Prince Basalawarmi of Liang established a separate pocket of resistance to the Ming in Yunnan and Guizhou, but his forces were decisively defeated by the Ming in By the remaining Yuan forces in Manchuria under Naghachu had also surrendered to the Ming dynasty.
The Yuan remnants retreated to Mongolia after Yingchang fell to the Ming in , and there formally carried on the name Great Yuan in what is known as the Northern Yuan dynasty.
Historians generally regard Ming dynasty rulers as the legitimate emperors of China after the Yuan dynasty. They tried again in , ultimately winning a decisive victory over the Northern Yuan in About 70, Mongols were taken prisoner, and Karakorum the Northern Yuan capital was sacked.
He relied heavily on Chinese advisors, and in had learned about Chinese Buddhism from the monk Hai-yun, who would become a close friend of his. Ogodei Khan died in He sent their brother Hulegu west to pacify the Islamic states and lands and focused his attention on conquering Southern China.
Kublai spent more than a year preparing for his first military campaign, which lasted three years, and by the end of he had conquered Yunnan. His new northern capital would later be named Shang-tu Upper Capital, in contrast to Chung-tu, or Central Capital, the contemporary name for Beijing. After a hasty audit, they uncovered what they claimed to be numerous breaches of the law and began to violently purge the administration of high-ranking Chinese officials. Monkge — facing both a religious conflict between Buddhist and Daoists and a need for allies in conquering the Song Dynasty in Southern China — made peace with Kublai.
Kublai held a debate in his new capital in He ultimately declared the Daoists the losers of the debate and punished their leaders by forcefully converting them and their temples to Buddhism and destroying texts.
Mongke launched his campaign against the Song Dynasty and instructed his youngest brother Arik Boke to protect the Mongol capital of Karakorum. Arik Boke gathered troops and held an assembly called a kuriltai in Karakorum, where he was named the Great Khan. As Great Khan, Kublai set his sight on unifying all of China. In , he established his capital at modern-day Beijing and named his empire the Yuan Dynasty — one of several efforts to win over his Chinese subjects.
His efforts paid off, with much of the Song imperial family surrendering to Kublai in , but the war continued for another three years. In , Kublai became the first Mongol to rule all of China when he conquered the last of the Song loyalists. Kublai held a relatively wise and benevolent reign, with his rule distinguished by grand infrastructure improvements including an efficient Mongolian postal system and an extension of the Grand Canal , religious tolerance, scientific advancements improvements to the Chinese calendar, accurate maps, and institutes of medicine, among other things , paper currency backed by gold reserves and trade expansions.
Despite adopting and improving on many Chinese systems and ideals, Kublai and his Mongols did not want to become Chinese — they kept many of their own customs and remained unassimilated to Chinese life. In , Marco Polo was presented at the court of Kublai Khan. The young Venetian so impressed the ruler that he appointed him to several diplomatic and administrative posts, which he held for about 16 years before his return to Venice. Kublai instituted a class system that placed Mongols on top, followed by Central Asians, Northern Chinese, and finally Southern Chinese.
These campaigns included attacks on Burma, Vietnam and Sakhalin, which successfully resulted in these regions becoming tributary states of the empire with tributes that were, unfortunately, dwarfed by the costs of the individual campaigns.
Many of their vessels sank, and about half of the troops perished or were captured. This was followed by a failed subjugation of Java now Indonesia in Kublai began to withdraw from the day-to-day administration of his empire after his favorite wife Chabi died in and his oldest son died in He drank and ate in excess, causing him to become obese; additionally, the gout that plagued him for many years worsened. Uprisings against Mongol rule would begin in earnest some 30 years later, and by the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown.
0コメント